--- title: "Compare Iperius Backup vs Acronis Cyber Protect 2026 | Capterra" description: "Unsure of what to choose? Check Capterra to compare Iperius Backup and Acronis Cyber Protect based on pricing, features, product details, and verified reviews." source_url: "https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-237140/Iperius-Backup-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect" page_type: "comparison" language: "en" --- # Iperius Backup vs Acronis Cyber Protect Features and Cost Comparison Last updated September 16th, 2026 Provider data verified by our Software Research team, and reviews moderated by our Reviews Verification team.[Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/our-story/) Your comparison: Iperius BackupAcronis Cyber Protect2/4 selected [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.5 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.4 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) [## Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.5 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) Starting Price €29.00one time Value-for-Money 4.7 Functionality 4.5 Ease of Use 4.6 Customer Service 4.4 Reviews Sentiment GL WG Based on [189 reviews](#user-reviews) Positive 174 Neutral 5 Negative 10 [## Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.4 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) Starting Price Contact vendor Value-for-Money 4.2 Functionality 4.4 Ease of Use 4.3 Customer Service 4.1 Reviews Sentiment Based on [218 reviews](#user-reviews) Positive 200 Neutral 10 Negative 8 ## Not a match? Find software alternatives tailored to your priorities. These software suggestions are similar to those you’re currently comparing. ### Veeam Data Platform 4.8 (77) * * * Starting Price $428.00 Other,Per Year Free Trial Free Version * * * User rating 99% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars * * * ### MSP360 Backup 4.6 (255) * * * Starting Price Contact vendor for pricing Free Trial Free Version * * * User rating 96% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars * * * ### Cove Data Protection 4.6 (375) * * * Starting Price Contact vendor for pricing Free Trial Free Version * * * User rating 95% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars * * * Highest Rated ### Zmanda 4.6 (10) * * * Starting Price Contact vendor for pricing Free Trial Free Version * * * User rating 100% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars * * * What’s your intended use case? ## Summary * * * Key features rated by users Features selected based on 1,815 reviews from server backup software users. about the Fit Score methodology. Fit Score methodology Our Fit Score reflects how reviewers rate a product’s performance against a set of features reviewers rate as most important. A higher score indicates the product is rated better in delivering what reviewers most care about. If the Fit Score is not shown for a specific product, that only means there are currently not enough relevant data points to develop a meaningful score. It does not indicate that the product should be excluded from further evaluation. Best for Methodology 82%Fit High performer Feature ratings Data Recovery 4.5 Disaster Recovery 4.6 Backup Scheduling 4.8 Incremental Backup 4.7 Encryption 4.2 \--%Fit Missing features Feature ratings Data Recovery NA Disaster Recovery 4.1 Backup Scheduling NA Incremental Backup NA Encryption 4.5 User satisfaction User satisfaction 4.5 User reviews[189](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) Ease of use 4.6 Functionality 4.5 Value for money 4.7 Customer support 4.4 User satisfaction 4.4 User reviews[218](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) Ease of use 4.3 Functionality 4.4 Value for money 4.2 Customer support 4.1 Price starts from Price starts from €29Other, One Time - Free version - Free trial Price starts from \-- - Free version - Free trial Best for Best for Designed for small to medium enterprises. All-in-one backup software for PCs and Servers. Best for Businesses of any sizes. Physical, virtual, cloud and SaaS environments. Industrial IT (OT and ICS). Distributed IT environments. Seeking easy, efficient, secure protection and centralized management ## User reviews Pros & cons GL Gerard L. Vice president > "Reliable restores and efficient background operation make it my go-to solution for hassle-free data protection." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6026143) GA George A. Owner > "The one thing that really gets to be a pain, is if you insert a thumb drive or any other device that changes the disk..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6495610) William G. CEO > "I have used the free version for over 5 years and i like the advanced full version now, am quite happy with this solution..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6025846) RB Randy B. Owner > "re-activations are a pain if you make 1 mistake or need to move software temporarily while upgrading main hardware." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6639042) JM Joan M. Tecnic > "Very good, for many years I have been using it as the only software to make security copies for our clients both on..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6025934) SH Stuart H. Corporate Integration Director > "For example, computer shuts down before tape can be fully ejected, results in jammed cartridges." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___5053548) DRM Dr Rahim M. IT consultant > "Excellent software for small and large businesses" [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6609809) VG Vitor G. General manager > "Some errors on some backups and needs to configure" [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6485838) PA Pirooz A. President > "Full featured backup solution came in handy when server wouldn’t load Microsoft Server backup software" [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6331573) AM Alberto M. IT Specialist > "The cost is a bit high for personal use." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6212993) DV Dominique V. Network Admin > "It is a simple and very powerful product, perhaps a point to improve several tasks of backups and the management of..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___6398193) DC David C. Owner > "Shows no way to fix or identify errors" [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#Capterra___4744727) [View Reviews](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) CS Caleb S. Network Engineer > "It also allows us backup customers O365 data, which is critical." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6812162) CS Caleb S. Network Engineer > "It often times breaks, especially when an update is pending for the Acronis software. When we need support, they often do not provide good data..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6812162) Nitesh S. Sr Manager > "The most useful features of Acronis Cyber Backup are the backup itself along with the security features like malware protection, ransomware..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4670209) RC Rob C. Owner > "When there is a tech issue, their outsourced customer service barely speaks English and it takes a ridiculous amount of messaging to solve the..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6671306) RC Rob C. Owner > "This is a product that has evolved over the years so it is still maturing." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6671306) RC Rob C. Owner > "It one thing to create software that works (most of the time) but screwing up customer service like this will hopefully lead them to wake up and..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6671306) Nitesh S. Sr Manager > "It not only provides data protection for my customers' data but also helps me to grow my revenue." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4670209) RM Roman M. CEO > "The price and that it is not so modular, there are many functionalities that we don't need because we cover them with another product and we..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6186349) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "Despite its minor drawbacks, Acronis Cyber Backup has been a reliable backup solution for our IT services company." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "One thing I noticed is that it can be a bit slow when performing a backup, especially if you have a lot of data to back up." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "Its user-friendly interface, variety of backup options, and fast data recovery make it a valuable tool to have." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "Also, the software can be a bit pricey, especially if you're a small business or just getting started in the IT industry." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) BS Benjamin S. IT Manager > "It is very easy to create and manage various backup plans for different systems, cloud services and use cases." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4586555) VR Verified Reviewer Team lead > "The kb article does not suffice all the issues that occur in an Acronis." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4515808) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "I've been using Acronis Cyber Backup for a while now in our IT services company, and I've got to say, it's a pretty solid backup solution." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "While Acronis Cyber Backup is a good software, it does have a few drawbacks." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "In the few instances where I've had to restore data, the process was fast and hassle-free." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) MN Mukul N. CTO > "We can not configure or use our own AWS S3 or Microsoft Blob as storage." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___3496567) Ukasz T. Cybersecurity specialist > "Acronis is definitly advance backup software with a lot of features." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4010991) WK Wolfgang K. Coach > "I assumed to be safe with all my data - had to learn that Acronis can't solve the Isse to have my data available from their cloud system since..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#GetApp___3743158) BS Benjamin S. IT Manager > "Acronis helped us archive this with ease and a very intuitive interface." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4586555) Jonathan A. Attorney > "Desktop software tends to lag a bit when moving from one tab to the other." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___3402312) VR Verified Reviewer Sr. Manager of Innovation > "It works flawlessly and I back up my entire pc each week to ensure I don't lose files or images that can't be replaced. " [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___3471298) FS Fernando S. IT Director > "Sometimes, backup works has block my servers and support team never discover why" [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___3797499) Enrique R. CTO & CIO > "In general, after spending a few years in which I had it crossed off my list, it is the one that I like the most at the moment." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___3855163) VA Victor A. IT Manager > "I thought the pricing is a bit high." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___2480206) Andrei P. Data Scientist > "With Acronis you have that feeling that everything is safe, I would recommend it for everyone, especially big companies." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4279732) Kavindu Githsara K. System Specialist > "While Acronis Cyber Backup is a good software, it does have a few drawbacks." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4667316) Aris G. Web Developer > "One useful feature that we use very often with our customers is Acronis Universal Restore because it allows to restore a system to dissimilar..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___2621513) RC Rob C. Owner > "When there is a tech issue, their outsourced customer service barely speaks English and it takes a ridiculous amount of messaging to solve the..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6671306) Andrei P. Data Scientist > "Acronis can sound expensive to some, but every penny is worth it." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___4279732) RC Rob C. Owner > "It one thing to create software that works (most of the time) but screwing up customer service like this will hopefully lead them to wake up and..." [See full review](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#Capterra___6671306) [View Reviews](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) ## User interface [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/) 4.49 (189) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/) 4.44 (218) ### Features Iperius Backup Top features 23/50 - Access Controls/Permissions - Activity Dashboard - Adaptive Learning - AI Copilot - Alerts/Escalation - API - Archiving & Retention - Automatic Backup - Autonomous Task Execution - Backup Log - Backup Scheduling - Bare-Metal Restore - Cloud Data Protection - Compliance Tracking - Compression - Continuous Backup - Cross-system Integration - Database Server Backup - Data Capture and Transfer - Data Loss Prevention - Data Migration - Data Recovery - Data Replication - Data Retention Management - Data Storage Management - Data Synchronization - Data Visualization - Decision Making - Deduplication - Differential Backup - Disaster Recovery - Drag & Drop - Duplicate Detection - Encryption - File Management - File Server Backup - File Transfer - Generative AI - Incremental Backup - Multi-OS - Multiple Format Support - Multi-step Planning - Policy Management - Proactive Assistance - Ransomware Protection - Real-Time Monitoring - Real-Time Reporting - Remote Access & Monitoring - Remote Backup - Remote Monitoring & Management [See all features](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/#features) Acronis Cyber Protect 7/50 - Access Controls/Permissions - Activity Dashboard - Adaptive Learning - AI Copilot - Alerts/Escalation - API - Archiving & Retention - Automatic Backup - Autonomous Task Execution - Backup Log - Backup Scheduling - Bare-Metal Restore - Cloud Data Protection - Compliance Tracking - Compression - Continuous Backup - Cross-system Integration - Database Server Backup - Data Capture and Transfer - Data Loss Prevention - Data Migration - Data Recovery - Data Replication - Data Retention Management - Data Storage Management - Data Synchronization - Data Visualization - Decision Making - Deduplication - Differential Backup - Disaster Recovery - Drag & Drop - Duplicate Detection - Encryption - File Management - File Server Backup - File Transfer - Generative AI - Incremental Backup - Multi-OS - Multiple Format Support - Multi-step Planning - Policy Management - Proactive Assistance - Ransomware Protection - Real-Time Monitoring - Real-Time Reporting - Remote Access & Monitoring - Remote Backup - Remote Monitoring & Management [See all features](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/#features) ### Recognition Iperius Backup Best Value Server Backup Software (2024)  No recognitions have been awarded to Acronis Cyber Protect ### Deployment & support Iperius Backup Deployment - Cloud, SaaS, Web-Based - Desktop Mac - Desktop Windows - Desktop Linux - On-Premise Windows - On-Premise Linux - Desktop Chromebook - Mobile Android - Mobile iPhone - Mobile iPad Support - Email/Help Desk - FAQs/Forum - Knowledge Base - Phone Support - 24/7 (Live rep) - Chat Training - In Person - Live Online - Webinars - Documentation - Videos Acronis Cyber Protect Deployment - Cloud, SaaS, Web-Based - Desktop Mac - Desktop Windows - Desktop Linux - On-Premise Windows - On-Premise Linux - Desktop Chromebook - Mobile Android - Mobile iPhone - Mobile iPad Support - Email/Help Desk - FAQs/Forum - Knowledge Base - Phone Support - 24/7 (Live rep) - Chat Training - In Person - Live Online - Webinars - Documentation - Videos ### Company Details Iperius Backup - By Enter - Located in Italy - Founded in 1997 Acronis Cyber Protect - By Acronis - Located in United States - Founded in 2003 ## Popular Comparisons [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [Vinchin Backup & Recovery](https://www.capterra.com/p/180134/Vinchin-Backup-Recovery/)[4.65 (187)](https://www.capterra.com/p/180134/Vinchin-Backup-Recovery/reviews/) €29one time Price $0/month 4.5 Features 4.5 4.6 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-180134/Iperius-Backup-vs-Vinchin-Backup-Recovery) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [IDrive](https://www.capterra.com/p/171884/IDrive/)[4.58 (1,201)](https://www.capterra.com/p/171884/IDrive/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price $0 4.4 Features 4.5 4.3 Ease of Use 4.5 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/171884-237140/IDrive-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect) [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [NAKIVO Backup & Replication](https://www.capterra.com/p/161328/NAKIVO/)[4.81 (465)](https://www.capterra.com/p/161328/NAKIVO/reviews/) €29one time Price $99one time 4.5 Features 4.7 4.6 Ease of Use 4.8 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-161328/Iperius-Backup-vs-NAKIVO) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [Cove Data Protection](https://www.capterra.com/p/163343/Backup-and-Recovery/)[4.64 (375)](https://www.capterra.com/p/163343/Backup-and-Recovery/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price Contact vendor for pricing 4.4 Features 4.6 4.3 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/163343-237140/Backup-and-Recovery-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect) [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [Cove Data Protection](https://www.capterra.com/p/163343/Backup-and-Recovery/)[4.64 (375)](https://www.capterra.com/p/163343/Backup-and-Recovery/reviews/) €29one time Price Contact vendor for pricing 4.5 Features 4.6 4.6 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-163343/Iperius-Backup-vs-Backup-and-Recovery) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [Carbonite](https://www.capterra.com/p/223152/Carbonite/)[4.25 (172)](https://www.capterra.com/p/223152/Carbonite/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price $4.92/month 4.4 Features 4.2 4.3 Ease of Use 4.2 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/223152-237140/Carbonite-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect) [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [VM Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/122717/Hyper-V-Backup/)[4.75 (194)](https://www.capterra.com/p/122717/Hyper-V-Backup/reviews/) €29one time Price $875/year 4.5 Features 4.6 4.6 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/122717-129287/Hyper-V-Backup-vs-Iperius-Backup) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [NAKIVO Backup & Replication](https://www.capterra.com/p/161328/NAKIVO/)[4.81 (465)](https://www.capterra.com/p/161328/NAKIVO/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price $99one time 4.4 Features 4.7 4.3 Ease of Use 4.8 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/161328-237140/NAKIVO-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect) [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [IDrive](https://www.capterra.com/p/171884/IDrive/)[4.58 (1,201)](https://www.capterra.com/p/171884/IDrive/reviews/) €29one time Price $0 4.5 Features 4.5 4.6 Ease of Use 4.5 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-171884/Iperius-Backup-vs-IDrive) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [NinjaOne](https://www.capterra.com/p/184229/NinjaOne/)[4.74 (298)](https://www.capterra.com/p/184229/NinjaOne/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price Contact vendor for pricing 4.4 Features 4.5 4.3 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/184229-237140/NinjaOne-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect) [Iperius Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/)[4.49 (189)](https://www.capterra.com/p/129287/Iperius-Backup/reviews/) vs [MSP360 Backup](https://www.capterra.com/p/143536/MSP360-Managed-Backup/)[4.65 (255)](https://www.capterra.com/p/143536/MSP360-Managed-Backup/reviews/) €29one time Price Contact vendor for pricing 4.5 Features 4.5 4.6 Ease of Use 4.4 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/129287-143536/Iperius-Backup-vs-MSP360-Managed-Backup) [Acronis Cyber Protect](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/)[4.44 (218)](https://www.capterra.com/p/237140/Acronis-Cyber-Protect/reviews/) vs [Vinchin Backup & Recovery](https://www.capterra.com/p/180134/Vinchin-Backup-Recovery/)[4.65 (187)](https://www.capterra.com/p/180134/Vinchin-Backup-Recovery/reviews/) Contact vendor for pricing Price $0/month 4.4 Features 4.5 4.3 Ease of Use 4.7 [View full comparison](https://www.capterra.com/compare/180134-237140/Vinchin-Backup-Recovery-vs-Acronis-Cyber-Protect)