# Odoo Software Pricing, Alternatives & More 2026 | Capterra > With the help of Capterra, learn about Odoo Software - reviews, pricing plans, popular comparisons to other CRM products and more. Source: https://www.capterra.com/p/184896/Odoo/reviews --- # Odoo Software Review 2026: Features, Integrations, Pros & Cons Last updated on May 14, 2026 Provider data verified by our Software Research team, and reviews moderated by our Reviews Verification team. Independent research methodology Capterra’s researchers use a mix of verified reviews, independent research and objective methodologies to bring you selection and ranking information you can trust. While we may earn a referral fee when you visit a provider through our links or speak to an advisor, this has no influence on our research or methodology. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/proprietary-data-research/) How Capterra verifies reviews Capterra carefully verified over 2.5 million+ reviews to bring you authentic software experiences from real users. Our human moderators verify that reviewers are real people and that reviews are authentic. They use leading tech to analyze text quality and to detect plagiarism and generative AI. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/how-we-verify-reviews/) How Capterra ensures transparency Capterra lists all providers across its website—not just those that pay us—so that users can make informed purchase decisions. Capterra is free for users. Software providers pay us for sponsored profiles to receive web traffic and sales opportunities. Sponsored profiles include a link-out icon that takes users to the provider’s website. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/how-we-ensure-transparency/) [Description](#description)[Use cases](#use-cases)[Alternatives](#alternatives)[FAQs](#faqs)[Users](#users)[Pros and Cons](#pros-cons)[Features](#features)[Pricing](#pricing)[Integrations](#integrations)[Support](#support)[Reviews](#reviews) Odoo ## What is Odoo ? With over 5 million users, Odoo is the #1 open-source CRM software! Sales teams can easily keep track of top leads and opportunities. Users can personalize their sales cycle, take control of their statistics/forecasts, and create incredible marketing campaign automation to increase their overall sales performance. Sales teams are able to analyze the quality of their leads, make faster decisions, and save time by integrating emails from all contacts directly into this fully integrated app. ## What is Odoo used for? [CRM](https://www.capterra.com/customer-relationship-management-software/)[Accounting](https://www.capterra.com/accounting-software/)[Billing and Invoicing](https://www.capterra.com/billing-and-invoicing-software/) Recognitions Shortlist Top alternative Featured Overall rating Based on 1,307 user reviews Reviews sentiment Positive 83% Neutral 8% Negative 9% Pros & cons Highly adaptable business platform Cost-effective open source solution Frequent bugs and reliability concerns Complex and costly payment structure Starting price $31.1 Per User, Per Month Free trial available Capterra Shortlist charts the highest-rated and most popular products... - Accounting / 2026 - Accounts Payable / 2026 - Billing and Invoicing / 2026 - Business Management / 2026 - CRM / 2026 - Enterprise Resource Planning / 2026 - Field Service Management / 2026 - Inventory Management / 2026 - Maintenance Management / 2026 - Manufacturing / 2026 - Manufacturing Execution / 2026 - Manufacturing Inventory Management / 2026 - Metal Fabrication / 2026 - MRP / 2026 - Order Management / 2026 - Preventive Maintenance / 2026 - Project Management / 2026 - Purchasing / 2026 - Quality Management / 2026 - Warehouse Management / 2026 - Work Order / 2026 - Contact Management / 2025 - Customer Service / 2025 - eCommerce / 2025 - General Ledger / 2025 - Lead Management / 2025 - Point of Sale / 2025 - Procurement / 2025 - Product Lifecycle Management / 2025 - Sales Force Automation / 2025 - Sales Tracking / 2025 Our "Best of" badge program showcases products with the highest ratings... Our "Best of" badge program showcases products with the highest ratings... Do you work for Odoo ?[Manage this product listing](https://digitalmarkets.gartner.com/get-listed/claim-bx?url=https://www.odoo.com&name=Odoo ) ## Compare with a popular alternative Capterra selects software alternatives based on relevant features, verified user reviews and user interactions. Placement may be influenced by client status. ### Odoo 4.2 (1,307) VS. [4.2 (2,042)](https://www.capterra.com/p/135757/NetSuite/reviews/) Starting Price $31.1 Per User, Per Month Starting Price Contact vendor Free Trial Free Version Pricing Options Free Trial Free Version Ease Of Use 4.0 (1,295) Ease Of Use 4.0 (7,685) Value For Money 4.1 (1,171) Value For Money 3.9 (6,596) Customer Service 3.9 (1,160) Customer Service 3.8 (6,301) ## Odoo alternatives Highest Rated [4.4 (3,294)](https://www.capterra.com/p/120109/Xero/reviews/) Starting price $25.00 Per User, Per Month Pricing Options Free Trial Free Version User Rating 88% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars [4.3 (684)](https://www.capterra.com/p/76/Intacct/reviews/) Starting price Contact vendor for pricing Pricing Options Free Trial Free Version User Rating 87% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars [4.4 (243)](https://www.capterra.com/p/96371/Acumatica-Cloud-ERP/reviews/) Starting price Contact vendor for pricing Pricing Options Free Trial Free Version User Rating 92% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars [3.9 (432)](https://www.capterra.com/p/174753/Sage-50cloud/reviews/) Starting price $124.42 Per User, Per Month Pricing Options Free Trial Free Version User Rating 72% of reviewers rated it above 4 stars [View all alternatives](https://www.capterra.com/p/135618/Odoo/alternatives/) ## FAQs about Odoo Overview ### What problems does Odoo solve? Odoo solves fragmented business operations, stock control issues, duplicate data entry, and slow order-to-cash workflows by connecting sales, inventory, purchasing, accounting, manufacturing, and CRM in one system. Operations managers, finance teams, warehouse staff, manufacturers, and growing retail or service businesses benefit most from its automation, real-time visibility, and configurable processes. Answer based on 420 reviews Overview ### Which roles and teams benefit most from Odoo ? Odoo is most used by business owners, CEOs, founders, and directors who need unified visibility into finance, sales, inventory, and operations. Finance teams use it for accounting and reporting, IT managers and developers support customization, while project and sales managers rely on it to coordinate delivery, pipelines, and customer workflows. Answer based on 1269 reviews Overview ### What company size and industries is Odoo built for? Odoo is built mainly for small businesses, which make up 87% of reviewers, with strongest adoption in Information Technology and Services at 12%. It is designed for everyone from individuals to large companies, and reviewer data also shows use in Computer Software at 8%, Retail at 5%, midsize businesses at 7%, and enterprises at 6%. Answer based on 1306 reviews Features and Usability ### What are the key features of Odoo ? Odoo includes core ERP features like accounting, invoicing, sales and purchase management, inventory management, and CRM, plus project management with task tracking and timesheets. Its differentiators are modular customization, API and third-party integrations, website and eCommerce tools, and real-time dashboards that connect operations across departments. Answer based on 390 reviews Pricing ### How much does it cost and what fees or limitations are included? Odoo starts at $31.10/user/month on the Standard plan when billed annually, or 38.90 monthly; the Custom plan starts at 61.00 annually, or 76.20 monthly. A free version and free trial are available, but reviewers say the free tier is limited to one app and per-user costs can rise for larger teams. Answer based on 390 reviews Integrations ### Which third-party tools and platforms does Odoo integrate with? Odoo integrates with WhatsApp, Microsoft Outlook, PayPal, Gmail, Instagram, and Google Docs, with additional connections for Google Calendar and Google Maps. It also connects to commerce and payments tools such as Adobe Commerce, Stripe, Adyen, FedEx Ship Manager, UPS Ready, and Zapier. Answer based on 275 reviews Getting Started and Support ### How easy is it to onboard and train a team on Odoo ? Odoo offers in-person training, live online sessions, webinars, documentation, and videos, which help teams get started. Reviewers say everyday users often become comfortable within days, especially with videos and guided setup, while admins, implementers, and teams handling customization or integrations usually need more time and technical training. Answer based on 186 reviews Getting Started and Support ### What customer support options does Odoo offer, and how do users rate the experience? Odoo offers email/help desk, FAQ/forum, a knowledge base, phone support, and chat. Users often describe support as helpful, professional, and sometimes fast, with some issues solved within 48 hours. Others report inconsistent communication, slow replies, superficial guidance, and delays that become frustrating during setup, customization, or urgent technical problems. Answer based on 226 reviews ## Who uses Odoo ? Based on Capterra reviews from the past 2 years Talk to a software expert to get a free software list tailored to your business needs Company size Based on 507 reviews 100% 75% 50% 25% Smallbusiness Midsizebusinesses Enterprise Top job functions Based on 507 reviews Administrative 32% Administrative 32% Entrepreneurs/ Owners 16% IT & Software Development 8% Consulting 8% Others 35% Top industries Based on 507 reviews Information Technology and Services 38% Computer Software 24% Retail 17% Food & Beverages 11% Other 10% ## Pros and Cons Highly adaptable business platform 89% positive reviews out of 66 Most reviewers describe flexibility as enabling easy customization and adaptation to diverse business requirements and workflows. Marek T CEO, 2 - 10 employees. "This flexibility allowed me to tailor Odoo to suit the specific requirements of my business." Frequent bugs and reliability concerns 72% negative reviews out of 167 Most users report recurring bugs, error messages, and slow support, causing workflow disruptions and frustration. Erica M Owner, 1 employee. "I would send error codes to their tech team, and every single time, the tech team said they couldn't do anything with the error code." Cost-effective open source solution 93% positive reviews out of 55 Most reviewers indicate open source allows customization, reduces expenses, and benefits from a supportive community. Mohammad A Technical Support, 51 - 200 employees. "Odoo is open source and has a wide community of expertise and references and is stable in implementation smoothly by adding modules individually." Complex and costly payment structure 73% negative reviews out of 82 Most reviewers describe payment as confusing, with unexpected charges, limited support, and expensive customizations. gordon N CEO, 11 - 50 employees. "Then they refused to refund what I already paid and I had to go to my credit card company to get my money back." Comprehensive modular ERP suite 95% positive reviews out of 40 Most reviewers find the ERP offers an all-in-one, user-friendly, scalable solution for automating business processes. Nishant T Sr analyst, 10,001+ employees. "Overall, Odoo offers flexible, modular ERP solution with strong integration and scalability." Challenging updates and upgrades 74% negative reviews out of 53 Most users comment updates often break features, require technical skills, and complicate customizations or integrations. SARA A Engineer, 2 - 10 employees. "Problems with updates (i couldn't access the interface after an update, i had to roll back)." ## Features Features with the highest number of reviews are displayed first. Those that have no reviews appear next, sorted alphabetically. Billing & Invoicing 4.1 (219) 73.06% of 219 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important Odoo offers automated billing and invoicing, supporting multiple currencies, discounts, and reminders. Users think it streamlines payment tracking and invoice creation, improves cash flow, and integrates well with sales, though some mention challenges with local accounting requirements. Inventory Management 4.1 (198) 69.70% of 198 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important It helps you track inventory levels, forecast needs, and manage stock across locations. Reviewers indicate it’s practical, customizable, and handles complex workflows, but some say setup can be complicated for small quantities or when migrating data. Task Management 4.2 (153) 60.78% of 153 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important Odoo gives you a flexible way to create, assign, and track tasks, helping you organize work and boost productivity. Some reviewers find it easy to manage tasks and integrate with other modules, though a few mention it could be more user-friendly. Sales Pipeline Management 4.0 (99) 64.65% of 99 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important With this capability, you can track leads, manage deals, and visualize sales progress in an organized CRM. Reviewers appreciate its simple interface, integration with other modules, and ease of use, though some wish for better built-in reporting options. Contact Management 4.1 (134) 60.45% of 134 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important Manage, organize, and store contact information Financial Reporting 4.2 (110) 65.45% of 110 reviewers that rated this feature as important or highly important Generate reports to assess the financial performance of an organization Odoo 376 features Tools for collecting comprehensive feedback on an employee from peers, subordinates, and manager Define levels of authorization for access to specific files or systems Built-in accounting to manage ledger, accounts payable/receivable, financial reports, etc. Integrate with a third-party accounting system Track money owed to a company's creditors/suppliers Track outstanding invoices and the money owed from clients Accept electronic bank-to-bank transfers using a network called the Automated Clearing House (ACH) Dashboard to view the status of ongoing processes, identify current incidents and track past activities Track and document all activities across devices, networks, and other systems Iterative project Management approach that involves technologies such as Kanban, Scrum, XP, APF, XPM and more Categorizes outstanding invoices based on the amount of time they have remained unpaid System alerts about the need to escalate an issue or request Alerts or notifications of various types such as pop-up messages, sounds, banners, or badges Application programming interface that allows for integration with other systems/databases Find and manage potential candidates and their applications and resumes through the recruiting life cycle Manage the process of evaluating documents or requests submitted for approval Route documents and other data through one or more stakeholders for review and approval Manage assets throughout their lifecycle to optimize profit Monitor the usage of assets, such as equipment, tools, software, etc., throughout their lifecycle Process of managing, tracking, and communicating with individuals who are registered to attend an event Plan, schedule, and execute organization's accounts and assets to ensure compliance with policies and laws A record of all activities within the system, including user access, changes made, etc. Generate rule-based quotes for clients automatically Tickets are automatically assigned to specific agents based on predefined rules Automatically create schedules based on business needs or employee availability and qualifications Setup and send recurring or automated bills Create and automatically send premade copy in response to customer messages Manage customer orders that cannot be filled immediately due to out-of-stock items Compare and match accounting/financial records with corresponding bank statements A way to visually represent data via blocks the length of which correlates with the values they represent The ability to identify a barcode on or within an image or packaging Scan barcodes to ensure accurate pricing and label tracking Identify and track items using barcode tags or RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags Software's ability to perform similar action on multiple similar files simultaneously Record employee's benefit plans and selections throughout career progression Share bid details, archive bids, and create bid requests to assist in bid solicitation and quote comparison Odoo offers automated billing and invoicing, supporting multiple currencies, discounts, and reminders. Users think it streamlines payment tracking and invoice creation, improves cash flow, and integrates well with sales, though some mention challenges with local accounting requirements. Gateway through which end users can view past bills and pay current invoices Material list of manufacturing parts and associated costs Create bills of materials Forecast, allocate funds, organize financial resources and report & analyze project's income and expenditure Create budgets based on historical data and future projections An agreement between a business and an external supplier for the delivery of a set of products or services Track and manage schedules and meetings via an integrated calendar Synchronize with other calendars to view mutual availability and schedules Notifications/alerts for upcoming events or tasks Create a collection of marketing actions to complete specific goals and plan and analyze campaign results Allow customers to cancel their subscription remotely. Determine and plan production capacity based on changing demands Process of managing an organization's cash resources, including cash on hand, investments, and bank account balances Create and manage digital catalog of products/services with their details, specifications, and price Track and monitor efficient handling of all changes/transitions Issue payments to third parties via checks Track the status of assets and whether they're checked in or out Manage contact details and communication with clients Private online space that lets businesses securely share documents and provide information access to clients Integration with content management software Provides a channel for team members to share media files, communicate, and work together A way to visually represent data where different categories of items are marked with different colors Leave comments and notes on documents for others to view Preview how the app will display on multiple device types and operating systems Manages compensation such as salary, bonus, and benefits processes, aligning with policies Track the current status and completion of activities, tasks, goals or deliverables via progress indicators Track and manage adherence to policies for any service, product, process, or supplier Configure existing workflows to meet your organization's needs Centralized database of stakeholders and their contact information such as names, address, phone number etc. Manage, organize, and store contact information Handles digital content throughout its lifecycle, from creation and storage to distribution and archiving Business model where clients pay their lawyer a fee only if the case is won/settled successfully Create, edit, and revise contracts/written agreements Track, store, and access client contracts or licenses Process to track, record, and analyze expenses that occurred over the entire duration of a given project Forecast of the expenses necessary for project completion Accept and process credit card transactions Built-in customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities or integration with a third-party CRM system Development of custom software, web apps, mobile apps, etc. A collection of customer information such as contact details, demographics, previous interactions, etc. Access previous interactions or concerns to maintain customer relationships A website or login for customers to access information Process of dividing customers into groups based on common characteristics Add customized logos and colors to align with company branding Customize data fields to support various needs and use cases Customize contracts and forms to collect specific information Invoices that can be tailored according to company's branding, payment terms and personalized information Pre-designed layouts that can be customized to match preferences and requirements Assembly of graphs and charts for visualizing and tracking statistics/metrics Automatically retrieve and pull information from documents, websites, images, data sets, and other sources Import and export data to and from software applications Conceptual model of how data items relate to each other Synchronizing data between two or more devices/systems and automatically updating changes to maintain consistency Graphical representation of data Detect and remove errors Manage order deliveries until they are received by the customers Track item deliveries through dispatch notifications, status and location tracking, and ETA updates Forecast customer demand using historical insights and simulations Manage the processes involved when making the application ready for use Collaborate on creating a product by sharing and adjusting designs through a shared portal Electronic signing method that validates the authenticity and integrity of a digital document Track products that are for sale at a reduced price or part of coupon promotions Manage sending personnel and resources to a site as needed Financial management for all distribution-related activities, including inventory, warehouse, purchasing, sales, etc. Management and control of the creation, approval, and distribution of documents and processes to ensure they meet industry regulations Store, manage, and track all electronic documents in a centralized location Store and organize documents in a centralized system Customizable sample documents that contain placeholder text or a standard layout that can be repeated for each new file Assemble applications and processes by dragging over and arranging pre-built components Receive an automatic notification when the exact same payment is about to be initiated for the second time Has a built-in eCommerce system or integrates with third-party systems to manage online sale of products Transfer of data from one computer system to another Electronically collect payments for goods or services Digitally sign online documents Manage, store and organize emails within the system or via third-party apps Create and send email blasts/campaigns Pre-made examples and templates for emails Track delivered, received, and opened emails Electronic storage of staff/employee contact information and job status in a centralized repository Track employee schedules, availability, and performance across projects and tasks Manage the enrollment and onboarding of all new members and accepted applications Helps users manage the maintenance of assets; offers reporting to identify areas for improvement Manage procedures that ensure organizational equipment remains in working condition Track the location of specific equipment at all times Plan an event's time and location Monitor and record expenses such as purchases or charges incurred Collecting, analyzing, and utilizing feedback from users or customers to improve a product or service Public or private sharing of digital files such as documents, audio/video, images, and more Plan, manage, and track the financial activities of an individual or organization Generate reports to assess the financial performance of an organization Centralized database to track details of fixed assets such as depreciation and maintenance scheduling/history Management of commercial motor vehicles for work-related purposes Follows the movement of a food product and its ingredients through all steps in the supply chain Intended to be used by insurers Operate/access software on iPad Devices Software for metal fabrication Serves restaurants For Retail Stores Designed for small businesses Primarily serving startup companies Form predictions based on past and present data/trends Store, manage and track all forms in a centralized location Monitor fuel consumption and optimize fuel usage Search for specific words or phrases within a document or database Manage revenue acquired through grants, donations, and other sources (accountability vs. profitability) Games or game-like elements to track progress and reward accomplishments Visual representation of project's schedule, sequence and duration of tasks, benchmarks and dependencies Centralized accounting record which tracks all financial transactions Reward loyal customers with gift cards which they can redeem for special offers and loyalty bonus System to support the positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) measurements of an object or individual A visual way of interacting with an application or operating system using items such as windows, icons, and menus Information, data and reports that are being tracked over time Business model that charges based on the amount of time spent on an hourly basis Automates core HR functions such as talent management, employee evaluation and learning management Create, collect, discuss, improve, and evaluate insights or alternative thinking before starting projects Management of inbound and outbound shipments in the context of international trade A statement detailing the financial position of a business including assets, liabilities, and equity at a certain point in time Integrated suite of industry-specific operations management applications (Supply Chain, HR, Project Management, Manufacturing, etc.) An application for source code editing, compiling, and debugging Track interaction history by documenting conversations for contacts Incorporation of a chat or messaging system within an organization's internal communication infrastructure Cross-checking financial records with physical inventory counts and records Monitor product stock levels It helps you track inventory levels, forecast needs, and manage stock across locations. Reviewers indicate it’s practical, customizable, and handles complex workflows, but some say setup can be complicated for small quantities or when migrating data. Maintain and control the stock level of inventory Track stock count levels to manage product reordering Track and monitor inventory items, such as raw materials, unfinished goods, and ready-to-sell items Create invoices from scratch or have recurring invoices Store and view prior invoices for each account/client Captures invoice data and maintains comprehensive records for auditing and reporting purposes Creation, processing, verification, and execution of invoices till the payment is made Identify and respond to unexpected problems or failures (ie. "negative events") Collect, organize, and track inventory/product data including item numbers, descriptions, etc. Manage and track all job information and associated tasks Visualization tool to organize and optimize tasks and track their status at every stage of workflow Group and package individual but related items as one package set Manage a repository of information that includes articles, FAQs, or tutorials used for self-service support Gather, organize, share, and analyze knowledge in terms of resources, documents, and people skills Create landing pages or online forms designed to capture new leads and prospects Automatically identify and save contact information of potential customers Route and distribute your leads to third party buyers Manage the process of attracting and converting business prospects into leads Store information about leads or contacts and track, manage and nurture them throughout the sales process Score a lead on their quality or likelihood to buy based on certain behaviors Divide leads into buckets based on predefined criteria and routing rules Facilitate training materials that help employees grow and progress in their positions Manage the end-to-end lifecycle, from initial setup/development to deployment and maintenance Ability to chat online in real time Offer prizes, discounts, and other incentives for customers to earn reward points on purchases and redeem them for future purchases Manage, maintain and track the performance of assets and equipment Schedule predetermined or ad hoc maintenance services and labor requests Software specialized for manufacturers to track work orders, bills of materials, and manufacture orders to help streamline operations Supports the effective planning of manufacturing production based on materials, labor, and machinery. Automate workflows and trigger campaigns based on customer actions Material requirements planning software manages the scheduling and inventory control for manufacturers. Manufacturing execution systems focus on quality control in the production process. Monitor task progress and planned accomplishments to better manage project status Access software remotely via mobile devices Access the system via a mobile application Development of applications for mobile devices Clients can submit payments via mobile devices Observe and track the demand, usage, progress or quality of a system, product, or user Allows communication with customers or users via multiple channels such as phone, email, live chat, etc. Manage inventory, communication, marketing, orders & more across warehouses, stores and online channels Manage and handle various international currencies Manage and support multiple languages Manage and support multiple locations Manage multiple teams and operations from a central location Process payments via multiple modes directly through the application Ability to handle several projects simultaneously Create and update newsletter content to increase engagement Process of familiarizing new clients, stakeholders or employees with the company, a new location, or a service Create, send, and view electronic invoices Accept and process online payment transactions Includes functionalities for creating custom eCommerce websites Track all opportunities for potential sales and convert them into recurring revenue Manage the process of receiving, preparing, and delivering orders for goods/products Manage and track customer orders for goods, investments, or any other purchases Send / receive, process, and execute orders Track orders throughout the fulfillment process Accept, record, and reconcile financial transactions Manage employee salary processes, data, taxes, and records administration efficiently Level of completion within a task Organize and manage the accomplishments and development of employees or performance of applications or systems A set of indicators that tracks the performance of networks, applications, systems, teams, etc. Track the progress of long term goals, campaigns, and opportunities, for sales, projects, business ventures etc. Visual representation of sales prospects & how many deals are in your sales funnel, the stage each deal is in, and the value of deals. Accept and process customer payments for products or services using hardware and software Overview of all programs that help compare initiatives, align projects with strategic goals and identify risk Pre-defined templates within a library for common cases such as contracts, websites, emails, and more Predict future data based on historical data sets Identifies potential asset failures and maintenance activities using real-time data and predictive algorithms Minimizes equipment failures and optimizes asset reliability through scheduled inspections, repairs, and replacements Preview materials before finalizing projects Calculate rule-based prices for a product/service Calculate rule-based prices for a product/service Tool used to determine accurate pricing and product eligibility for borrowers Arrange tasks based on the level of priority or urgency Organize and manage all processes/procedures involved in purchasing goods and/or services Present a catalog of inventory that customers can view Customize the specifications of a finished product to meet the particular needs of a customer Capture, organize and track product-specific data and information in a centralized location Ability to link barcodes or serial numbers with specific items for identification Manage and track all stages of a product lifecycle, from its conception, design, development, and deployment Manage the end-to-end production process for manufacturing operations Plan and schedule the use of production resources Track the production of materials and items over certain periods or seasons Manage and track financials on a project-to-project basis Business model that bills clients an amount based on the project/task/job performed The process of estimating and tracking the expenses incurred for a specific project Plan and coordinate all the resources, costs and time needed to execute assignments Organize and schedule projects Defining the project's scope, deliverables, schedules, resources, budget, critical path, dependencies and constraints Identifying critical tasks that make up a project and assigning start and end dates for each Measure time to completion or hours worked for projects Create, manage, or update project workflows. Estimate or forecast of a future scenario based on the study of present trends Design, communicate, and distribute incentives to perform a specific action Create, send, and track purchase orders and their statuses Aligns purchase orders with incoming invoices and receiving reports Workflows that help acquire inventory, issue purchase orders and receive and store items in required quantity Ensure that quality requirements and standards are met across production processes Focuses on improving processes by collecting data and spotting bottlenecks or other challenges. Generate quotes or estimates for customers Preview and make real-time changes in the web content Analyze and gain insights into data in real-time Receive data and information in real time Active monitoring of systems, applications, or networks Notifications that are delivered to users as soon as an event occurs Active reporting of data and metrics Receive system updates as soon as any changes are made Upload, track, and submit receipts in a central database Manage all receiving processes within a warehouse Tools to find, assess, and hire suitable candidates for a job within an organization Generate recurring invoices Managing orders that a customer purchases repeatedly and regularly Automatic and regular transactions made through a secure online platform at predetermined intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.) Automated process of charging customers at regular intervals for repeated access or use of a product or service Log and store the source of contacts/leads Oversee and coordinate the registration of attendees, visitors, customers, events, activities, etc. Timed notification for any upcoming task, deadline, appointment, or activity Access work applications remotely, for when working away from the office and/or traveling Purchase and replenish product stock based on inventory levels and needs Collection, analysis, and representation of numerical data and generation of reports to understand various patterns View and track pertinent metrics to find patterns and gain insights from data Track task progress, milestones, delays, or other key information and generate reports on them for evaluation Enables creation, management, and tracking of product requirements & features during product production/development Review, approve and cancel requests for goods/services to be purchased Process of planning, scheduling and executing the optimal and effective use of human capital across projects Use the built-in point of sale or POS integration to streamline administrative and accounting operations across restaurants Tracking, organizing, and controlling retail inventory throughout the supply chain and sales process For retailers Track and facilitate returns of products sold Monitor sales and make necessary adjustment in order to increase demand and revenue An accounting principle that identifies the specific conditions in which revenue is recognized and determines how to account for it. Plan daily routes to optimize employee scheduling and provide directions Identify and assess hazards to ensure the well-being of employees, assets, and the environment Oversee various functions of the organization while balancing and optimizing supply and demand Define, track, and/or automate sales activities and sales processes Automate processes to manage leads, contacts, opportunities and sales activities Estimate of expected sales revenue within a specific time frame, such as quarterly, monthly or yearly based on past trends and reports. An order generated by a seller to a customer, containing details about products or services With this capability, you can track leads, manage deals, and visualize sales progress in an organized CRM. Reviewers appreciate its simple interface, integration with other modules, and ease of use, though some wish for better built-in reporting options. Reports specific to sales analysis for trends and strategies Calculation of consumption tax imposed on the sale of goods/services Analyze the current state of sales data to accurately understand trends and forecast future sales numbers. Plan availability and assign specific time slots for tasks and resources Search and/or filter for items using names, keywords, descriptions, tags, metadata, etc. Search and filter data across systems to locate required information by entering keywords or certain criteria Group leads or contacts based on their specific characteristics Online portal through which end users can access the system, manage tasks, or obtain information An agreement between a buyer and a seller for the sale and delivery of goods or services Optimize and manage the search engine optimization efforts for a website or digital content Track and assign specific serial numbers to products Track work performed and resources used for past customers, sites, or assets Manage and track orders being shipped to customers Checkout of online store Track and manage sick leave time Internal and external product tracking codes Integrate with social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. Market event via social media tools Development of software programs Tracks every modification made to source code Negotiate best prices and choose the right vendor for various purchases Manage special order requested by a customer An agreement that's only valid if signed by all involved parties, sealed, and delivered Track the amount of money spent on a certain product or with a certain supplier Track the status over time for a request, process, asset, or transaction Process of managing customer subscription lifecycle for a recurring service or a product Manage the subscription plans of all active members Manage all supplier data and operations Manage the planning and execution of supply chain activities Allow customers/users to submit support queries and service requests Track the status of support tickets/escalations as they move through the service queue Create and manage surveys Gauge satisfaction and receive information for improvement and success Attach digital tags to documents and assets for identification, search, or monitoring purposes Odoo gives you a flexible way to create, assign, and track tasks, helping you organize work and boost productivity. Some reviewers find it easy to manage tasks and integrate with other modules, though a few mention it could be more user-friendly. Track the status and progress of tasks Track and manage the scheduling of tasks Calculate tax and make deductions on gross income from sources like wages, investments or self-employment Implementation of various strategies to manage tax obligations via planning and maintaining compliance Allow multiple team members to edit and work on the same document Oversee technicians and track their assigned work orders Create, save, and re-purpose templates for emails, forms, etc. Sample files or documents that could be customized as needed or used as is Organize customer data and accounts by user or geography Checking for errors to prevent quality issues and maintain the integrity of the product/service as per set standards Set up connections to third-party platforms to improve business processes Customize, sell, and distribute tickets Track and manage employee's work hours to improve payroll accuracy Log and record hours worked and costs spent to assist in billing and invoicing Measure and track time including hours worked and paid time off (PTO) Track the amount of time spent on a job or task Track and document the history, application, or location of an item or activity Sequential approach (i.e. Waterfall) in which users break down and plan an entire project before the launch Track employee/learner's progression through training programs Manage, record and track all business exchanges in form of money and its related interactions in the system Transfer queries and organize messages between agents Organize and track the physical movement of goods from one location to another Track and interpret metrics on the usage of company resources Request, track, and manage time off requests and vacation time Real-time vehicle tracking for monitoring location, route, speed, etc. Ability to track and store all vendor-related information, such as contacts, services offered, terms, etc. Track revisions and updates made to files and navigate between different versions Search by a unique Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) to reveal a vehicle's features, specifications and history Track visitors and purpose of visits Graphical representation of data or processes Manage and track operations and inventory within warehouses Development of applications that are delivered over the internet through a browser SaaS, web-based, online deployment Track and analyze information regarding website visitors Seamlessly integrates with 3rd party websites Built-in website builder or integration with third-party site Options for publishing a website/landing page online, whether through a publishing site plugin, the user's site, or a subdomain Create a new work order Creating, assign, and track jobs and/or tasks for work orders Create, design and manage workflows for repetitive tasks What You See Is What You Get is a no-code tool that allows users to create and edit content using a visual interface Get Advice We can help you find the software with the features you need. Features 4.2 (1,287) 4.2 Based on 1,287 reviews ## Pricing Value for money 4.1 (1171) Free Trial Free Version [View pricing plan details](https://www.capterra.com/p/135618/Odoo/pricing/) Standard $31.10 Per User,Per Month It includes: - All apps - Odoo Online Custom $61.00 Per User,Per Month It includes: - All apps - Odoo Studio - Multi-Company - External API Value for money 4.1 (1,171) 4.1 Based on 1,171 reviews ## Integrations [ Google Docs](https://www.capterra.com/p/160756/Google-Docs/)[ PayPal](https://www.capterra.com/p/207944/PayPal/)[ Gmail](https://www.capterra.com/p/202338/Gmail/)[ Instagram](https://www.capterra.com/p/210721/Instagram/)[ Stripe](https://www.capterra.com/p/123889/Stripe/)[ Zapier](https://www.capterra.com/p/130182/Zapier/)[ Microsoft Outlook](https://www.capterra.com/p/227138/Microsoft-Outlook/)[ Meta for Business](https://www.capterra.com/p/213257/Facebook/) Connect with a Capterra advisor for a free 15-minute consultation Get a personalized software list aligned to your business needs with guidance from our expert advisors. Our team has helped 1 million+ businesses like yours find options that fit their needs. ## Support, customer service and training options Customer Service 3.9 (1160) Support - Email/Help Desk - FAQs/Forum - Knowledge Base - Phone Support - 24/7 (Live rep) - Chat Training - In Person - Live Online - Webinars - Documentation - Videos Deployment - Web - Android - iPhone/iPad Typical users - Freelancers - Small businesses - Mid size businesses - Enterprises Customer Service 3.9 (1,160) 3.9 Based on 1,160 reviews ## User reviews Overall rating 4.2 Based on 1,307 reviews Filter by rating 5(692) 4(392) 3(103) 2(36) 1(84) Mentioned topic Sorted by most recent AY Aaron Y. Project Manager Program Development ### "Odoo review" 3.0 Overall Rating 3.0 3.0 Ease of Use 3.0 3.0 Features 2.0 2.0 Customer Service 4.0 4.0 Likelihood to Recommend 6/10 May 25, 2026 Overall, my experience has been a positive one, however, I find that adding customization is often difficult. Pros In my opinion, I find that Odoo has very clean user interface and it is relatively easy to navigate. Cons I find that sometimes, the bank syncing does not work that well, and adding plugins is not very easy. Review source Incentivized review: software users are invited to submit an honest review and offered a nominal incentive for their time and effort. All incentivized reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. AU Anonymous User ML Engineer Information Technology and Services ### "Good ERP with small learning curve" 4.0 Overall Rating 4.0 4.0 Ease of Use 4.0 4.0 Features 4.0 4.0 Customer Service 5.0 5.0 Likelihood to Recommend 8/10 May 18, 2026 Overall, it was a good experience. There is a learning curve initially, but once I got comfortable with it, things became easier and more efficient. Pros I liked that everything is available in one place. Managing sales, CRM, inventory, and other tasks felt more organized compared to switching between multiple tools. Cons It took some time to understand in the beginning. Some features were not very intuitive at first, and a few things required searching through documentation or extra setup. Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. Rick C. Owner President Wholesale ### "Odoo. A lot but needs a lot." 3.0 Overall Rating 3.0 3.0 Ease of Use 3.0 3.0 Features 5.0 5.0 Customer Service 4.0 4.0 Likelihood to Recommend 6/10 May 14, 2026 Overall it was mid. I wanted to like it. I wanted to use it. I was and still am unsure the best way to operate whether setting it up on our own servers or running it on other servers from people running it as a third party service. Pros The product itself is amazing. It can do just about anything. There are plenty of features across all business elements to run your entire business off Odoo. Cons Very very clunky and requires a fair bit of manipulation to set it up how you want. You will need a true programmer to fix things to talk how you want them to talk. You will need a programmer to set it up to best run whatever field you are in. Most others are fairly easy to frame as you want with some basic tech knowledge. Odoo needs more. Switched from [Zoho CRM](https://www.capterra.com/p/155928/Zoho-CRM/) Wanted to try other options. We did switch back to Zoho Alternatives considered [HubSpot Sales Hub](https://www.capterra.com/p/214215/HubSpot-SalesHub/) [HubSpot CRM](https://www.capterra.com/p/152373/HubSpot-CRM/) Reasons for choosing Odoo We didn't. We tried it as an option but elected not to migrate. Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. Brian B. President Automotive ### "Database Shutdown Over Disputed Fees Created Serious Operational Risk" 1.0 Overall Rating 1.0 1.0 Ease of Use 1.0 1.0 Features 1.0 1.0 Customer Service 1.0 1.0 Likelihood to Recommend 0/10 May 11, 2026 Odoo initially looked like a powerful all-in-one ERP platform, and we invested heavily into building our operations around it. Over time, however, the platform became increasingly difficult and expensive to maintain and upgrade due to the amount of customization required for real-world business use. Our recent experience was extremely concerning. We disputed a large unsupported-version surcharge that we do not believe we accepted contractually, and our database was subsequently shut down/restricted. After restoration, critical email-fetch services began failing, impacting communications and operations. Support acknowledged the issue but could not resolve it immediately and eventually escalated it to another team. Pros Odoo is highly customizable and can centralize many parts of a business into a single platform. The flexibility of the modules and ability to build custom workflows is one of its strongest features. For companies willing to heavily invest in development, it can become deeply integrated into operations, inventory, communications, and accounting. The issue is that once your company becomes deeply integrated into Odoo, upgrading versions becomes extremely expensive and operationally risky. In our case, we built a significant portion of our stack around Odoo, making major upgrades potentially cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in redevelopment and testing. Cons Our biggest issue was billing, support, and operational risk. Odoo attempted to charge us a large unsupported-version fee that we dispute and do not believe we ever contractually accepted. After disputing the fee, our database access was shut down/restricted, forcing us into an extremely difficult position operationally. After the database was restored, we began having issues with our email-fetch services and incoming emails were no longer properly entering the system. Odoo support acknowledged that the mail process was failing/crashing and ultimately escalated the issue because it could not be resolved immediately. For a business-critical ERP platform, database access, predictable billing, and urgent support should be far more reliable than what we experienced. Switched from [Epicor Eagle for the Aftermarket](https://www.capterra.com/p/10016392/Epicor-Eagle-for-the-Aftermarket/) We switched from Epicor Eagle because we wanted a more modern and flexible ERP platform that could better support e-commerce, automation, integrations, and custom operational workflows. Odoo appeared to offer a more open and scalable ecosystem compared to traditional legacy aftermarket ERP systems. Unfortunately, as our business scaled and became more complex, the amount of customization and maintenance required became extremely significant. Over time, we found that Odoo introduced major operational and upgrade challenges of its own. Alternatives considered [NetSuite](https://www.capterra.com/p/135757/NetSuite/) [Epicor Prophet 21](https://www.capterra.com/p/10022775/Epicor-Prophet-21/) [Acumatica Cloud ERP](https://www.capterra.com/p/96371/Acumatica-Cloud-ERP/) Reasons for choosing Odoo We chose Odoo because it appeared to provide the best balance of flexibility, modularity, customization, and overall cost compared to larger enterprise ERP systems. The open ecosystem and ability to heavily customize workflows were major selling points for our business. At the time, Odoo also appeared more modern and e-commerce friendly than many traditional ERP systems in the automotive aftermarket space. However, we later discovered that maintaining and upgrading a heavily customized Odoo environment can become extremely expensive and operationally risky. Once deeply integrated into your business, migrating away or upgrading versions can require enormous redevelopment effort and cost. Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. Junaid Tharupeedikayil S. Head of Business and Administration Building Materials ### "Comprehensive and Flexible ERP Solution for Growing Businesses" 4.0 Overall Rating 4.0 4.0 Ease of Use 5.0 5.0 Features 5.0 5.0 Customer Service 4.0 4.0 Likelihood to Recommend 9/10 May 10, 2026 My overall experience with Odoo has been positive. The platform provides a comprehensive and centralized solution for managing different business operations, such as CRM, sales, inventory, accounting, HR, and project management, in one system Pros What I liked most about Odoo is its all-in-one business management approach. It integrates CRM, sales, accounting, inventory, HR, and project management into a single platform, which reduces the need for multiple software tools. Cons What I liked least about Odoo is that some modules can feel complex and require technical expertise during setup and customization, especially for businesses with unique workflows Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. Melissa Z. Owner Health, Wellness and Fitness ### "Great for novice users to delve in" 4.0 Overall Rating 4.0 4.0 Ease of Use 5.0 5.0 Features 3.0 3.0 Customer Service 3.0 3.0 Likelihood to Recommend 10/10 May 7, 2026 Very good for novice users of IT products, or for boomers without formal training on it's use. Instructions included Pros There is a free version, ideal for new users, then after increased user and comfort, can upgrade to a pay version Cons We need 2 screens to view changes, and creating webpages for phone tablet and monitor viewing each require tweaking Review source Incentivized review: software users are invited to submit an honest review and offered a nominal incentive for their time and effort. All incentivized reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. EC Eduardo C. Outros Printing ### "Pessima experiencia com Odoo Brasil " 2.0 Overall Rating 2.0 2.0 Ease of Use 3.0 3.0 Features 3.0 3.0 Customer Service 1.0 1.0 Likelihood to Recommend 1/10 May 5, 2026 Totalmente negativa, nesse momento não recomendo a nenhuma empresa por conta do suporte e implantação fraca no Brasil. Ele não é configurado para tributação brasileira, quem faz esse processo é uma empresa terceira que precisa pagar até para emissão de orçamentos. Já contratamos mais de 400 horas e ainda não conseguimos efetuar toda a implantação. Pros O que mais atraiu no Odoo foi a simplicidade e facilidade de uso. A gestão de do CRM e facilidade de comunicação com os clientes também é um ponto positivo. Cons O sistema cobra para fazer orçamentos e emissão de notas fiscais. A implantação é lenta, confusa, para efetuar implantação é demorado e precisa de varias correções e mesmo que o erro seja deles, eles cobram para refazer o próprio erro. Não existe canal de telefone e a lei brasileira exige que exista meio de comunicação via telefone. O diretor pouco se importa com os clientes e se voce perder o controle por conta de prejuízos gerados por eles, ele te manda um e-mail te ameaçando que irá suspender o uso do sistema. Uma empresa grande, com boa ferramenta, mas totalmente despreparada para os clientes brasileiros, quem sabe possa melhorar em alguns anos. Switched from [Bimer](https://www.capterra.com/p/10013120/Bimer/) [Nomus](https://www.capterra.com/p/208337/Nomus-Suite/) Acreditei que me traria maiores facilidades pela simplicidade, mas infelizmente ainda é uma ferramenta despreparada para o Brasil. Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. BD Brent D. Owner Food & Beverages ### "Unfinished Project over 1 year in." 1.0 Overall Rating 1.0 1.0 Ease of Use 4.0 4.0 Features 4.0 4.0 Customer Service 1.0 1.0 Likelihood to Recommend 2/10 April 24, 2026 We contracted with Odoo to develop a custom ERP solution for our small business over a year ago, and the project remains unfinished to this day. Throughout this process we have experienced constant developer turnover — multiple different developers have been assigned to our project, requiring us to repeatedly restart and re-explain our requirements. Each handoff has brought new delays, miscommunications, and lost progress. For a small business, this kind of prolonged uncertainty is not just frustrating — it's damaging. We've invested significant time and money into a system we still cannot use. Deadlines have been missed repeatedly with little accountability or transparency. If you are a small business considering Odoo's development services, I would strongly urge you to think carefully. The software platform itself may have merit, but the implementation and project management we experienced was unreliable and unprofessional. Pros The ERP as a whole has great functionality for small business. Very good and simple software, easy to work with at scale. Cons Dishonesty, lack of professionalism, false promises on deadlines, refused to give a hard target date on software development. Switched from [QuickBooks Enterprise](https://www.capterra.com/p/174984/QuickBooks-Enterprise/) Lack of features in current system brought me here Review source Non-incentivized review: any software user can leave a review for any product listed on our site. All submitted reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. BK Blerta K. Language Instructor Education Management ### "The business tool that attempts to do it all a small school needs to operate." 5.0 Overall Rating 5.0 5.0 Ease of Use 5.0 5.0 Features 4.0 4.0 Customer Service 0.0 0.0 Likelihood to Recommend 9/10 April 23, 2026 I required something that could provide student contacts, course billing and some minimal sales management without the sophistication of the enterprise package. Odoo includes all that and the price-value ratio is reasonable when it comes to a small business. The learning curve is a reality, but it is only after the curve that the use day-to-day becomes natural enough. Pros The invoicing, contact management, and sales tracking capabilities are all housed in a single roof without the need to pay three different tools and this is something that I really liked after it was all set up and operational. Cons I have had mixed responses to customer support. I asked some technical questions on transaction management a couple of times and the responses I received were so vague that they were not helpful. Review source Incentivized review: software users are invited to submit an honest review and offered a nominal incentive for their time and effort. All incentivized reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. MC Marie Christine G. Assistant RH Telecommunications ### "Convient à ceux qui se lancent en ecommerce" 3.0 Overall Rating 3.0 3.0 Ease of Use 5.0 5.0 Features 5.0 5.0 Customer Service 0.0 0.0 Likelihood to Recommend 10/10 April 21, 2026 Pros Odoo permet de centraliser la gestion de votre activité avec un seul abonnement. Pratique pour vous lancer et le créateur de site web est gratuit. Cons Je n’ai pas utilisé Odoo pendant longtemps mais de ma petite expérience je l’ai trouvé plus complexe à utiliser que WordPress+Hostinger pour créer et héberger un site web. Mon essai s’est porté sur le CRM, qui est facile, et le créateur de site web un peu moins. Review source Incentivized review: software users are invited to submit an honest review and offered a nominal incentive for their time and effort. All incentivized reviews are subject to our verification process prior to publication. [View all Reviews](https://www.capterra.com/p/135618/Odoo/reviews/) ## Top-rated software of 2026 ### Fill out the form and we'll send a list of the top-rated software based on real user reviews directly to your inbox. Popular comparisons [QuickBooks Online vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-190778/Odoo-vs-QuickBooks-Online) [QuickBooks Enterprise vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-174984/Odoo-vs-QuickBooks-Enterprise) [NetSuite vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-135757/Odoo-vs-NetSuite) [Xero vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/120109-135618/Xero-vs-Odoo) [QuickBooks Desktop vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-212058/Odoo-vs-QuickBooks-Desktop-Pro) [Sage Intacct vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/76-135618/Intacct-vs-Odoo) [Acumatica Cloud ERP vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/96371-135618/Acumatica-Cloud-ERP-vs-Odoo) [QuickBooks Online Advanced vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-189398/Odoo-vs-QuickBooks-Online) [SAP Business One vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-214667/Odoo-vs-SAP-Business-One) [Sage Accounting vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-168740/Odoo-vs-Sage-One-UK) [FreshBooks vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-142390/Odoo-vs-FreshBooks) [Wave vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-178021/Odoo-vs-Wave-Apps) [Dynamics 365 vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-157279/Odoo-vs-Dynamics-365) [Sage 50 Accounting vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-174753/Odoo-vs-Sage-50cloud) [Sage 100 vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-227232/Odoo-vs-Sage-100cloud) [Striven vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/134106-135618/Striven-vs-Odoo) [TallyPrime vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/127762-135618/Tally-ERP-9-vs-Odoo) [Sage X3 vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-213927/Odoo-vs-Sage-X3) [Quickbase vs Odoo](https://www.capterra.com/compare/135618-157262/Odoo-vs-QuickBase)  Independent research methodology Capterra's researchers use a mix of verified reviews, independent research and objective methodologies to bring you selection and ranking information you can trust. While we may earn a referral fee when you visit a provider through our links or speak to an advisor, this has no influence on our research or methodology. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/proprietary-data-research/) How Capterra verifies reviews Capterra carefully verified over 2.5 million+ reviews to bring you authentic software experiences from real users. Our human moderators verify that reviewers are real people and that reviews are authentic. They use leading tech to analyze text quality and to detect plagiarism and generative AI. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/how-we-verify-reviews/) How Capterra ensures transparency Capterra lists all providers across its website—not just those that pay us—so that users can make informed purchase decisions. Capterra is free for users. Software providers pay us for sponsored profiles to receive web traffic and sales opportunities. Sponsored profiles include a link-out icon that takes users to the provider's website. [Learn more](https://www.capterra.com/resources/how-we-ensure-transparency/)